Once a system has reached chemical equilibrium, reactions still occur. Equilibrium systems are dynamic. Although the concentrations have reached a steady state, both the forward and reverse reactions continue to occur. However, at equilibrium, the rates of these reactions are equal.

These tutorials are part of a set of equilibrium materials developed with the Open Learning Initiative at Carnegie Mellon University. To access the entire course, please see http://oli.web.cmu.edu/jcourse/webui/guest/look.do?section=buffers.